GERUND OR INFINITIVE?

Kako da znate kada da koristite gerund, a kada infinitiv?

Gerund (verb + ing) treba koristiti:

• posle nekih glagola - I enjoy singing.
• posle predloga - I drank a cup of coffee before leaving.
• kao subjekat ili objekat rečenice - Swimming is good exercise.
  
  

'to' + infinitive:

• posle nekih glagola - We decided to leave
• posle većine prideva - It's difficult to get up early
• da izrazite nameru - I came to London to study English

Infinitiv bez 'to':

• posle modalnih glagola - I can meet you at six o'clock
• posle  'let', 'make' i (ponekad) 'help' - The teacher let us leave early
• posle nekih glagola koji se vezuju za opažanje
   (see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense) - I watched her walk away
• posle izraza sa 'why' - why go out the night before an exam?

Najčešći glagoli posle kojih se upotrebljava gerund:

enjoy	I enjoyed living in France
fancy	I fancy seeing a film tonight
discuss	We discussed going on holiday together
dislike	I dislike waiting for buses
finish	We've finished preparing for the meeting
mind	I don't mind coming early
suggest	He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel
recommend	They recommended meeting earlier
keep	He kept working, although he felt ill
avoid	She avoided talking to her boss

Najčešći glagoli posle kojih se upotrebljava 'to' i infinitive:

agree	She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting
ask*	I asked to leave early / I asked him to leave early
decide	We decided to go out for dinner
help*	He helped to clean the kitchen / he helped his flatmate to clean the kitchen
plan	She plans to buy a new flat next year
hope	I hope to pass the exam
learn	They are learning to sing
want*	I want to come to the party / I want him to come to the party
would like*	I would like to see her tonight / I would like you to see her tonight
promise	We promised not to be late

*ispred infinitiva ovih glagola se može upotrebiti indirektni objekat.

(posle 'help' može da se upotrebi infinitiv bez 'to' bez promene značenja: 'I helped to carry it' = 'I helped carry it'.)

Upotreba gerunda ili infinitiva MENJA značenje ovih glagola.


Remember + gerund
- upotrebljava se kada se subjekat seća da se nešto desilo u prošlosti. Postoji sećanje koga kao sliku možete videti u mislima.

• I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= Sećam se da sam išao na plažu).
• He remembers closing the door. (= Sećam se da sam zatvorio vrata).

Remember + to + infinitive
- upotrebljava se kada se subjekat seti da nešto treba da uradi (i uradi tek pošto se setio).

• I remembered to buy milk. (= išao sam kući kada mi je palo na pamet da treba da kupim mleko, pa sam ga kupio).
• She remembered to send a card to her grandmother.(= bila je na letovanju i setila se da treba da se javi baki, pa joj je poslala razglednicu).

Forget + gerund
- ima suprotno značenje od remember + gerund, kada zaboravite da ste nešto uradili u prošlosti (uradili ste, ali se ne sećate toga).

• Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it.
• I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he'd forgotten going there.

Forget + to + infinitive
- ima suprotno značenje od remember + to + infinitive. Želite ili treba da uradite nešto, ali zaboravite na to (i ne uradite to što treba).

• I forgot to call my mother. (= želeo sam da pozovem majku, ali kada je trebalo da to učinim, zaboravio sam i uopšte je nisam zvao tog dana).
• She keeps forgetting to bring his book back.

Try + gerund
- upotrebljava se kada nešto radite samo da biste isprobali. To što pokušavate nije teško, možete da uradite, pokušavate da biste videli kako izgleda ili kakve su posledice toga što radite.

• I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using nicotine patches. (= korišćenje nikotinskih flastera je lako, ali sam  želeo da vidim da li će mi pomoći da prestanem da pušim).
• She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help her lose weight. (= bilo joj je lako da se odrekne čokolade. Odrekla se čokolade da vidi da li će joj pomoći da smanji težinu, ali joj nije pomoglo).

Try + to + infinitive
- upotrebljava se kad pokušate da nešto uradite, ali ne uspevate jer je previše teško.

• I tried to lift the suitcase, but it was too heavy.
• She tried to catch the bus, but she couldn't run fast enough.

Uočite razliku:

• I tried giving up chocolate (it was no problem to stop eating chocolate) but it didn't make me feel more healthy.
• I tried to give up chocolate, but it was too hard. I always ate some when my friends offered it to me.

• It was too hot in the room. I tried opening the window (it was easy to open the window). It didn't help though, because it was very hot outside too. I tried to open the window, but I couldn't because it was stuck.

Stop + gerund
- prestali ste nešto da radite, bilo zauvek ili samo na neko vreme.

• I stopped working when I was expecting a baby. (prestala sam da radim dok sam čekala bebu).
• My grandmother stopped driving when she was 85. (prestala je da vozi kada je napunila 85 godina).

• My boss came into the room, so I stopped browsing the internet.
• There was a fire alarm, so I stopped eating and went outside.

Stop + to + infinitive
U ovom slučaju, prekidate nešto da bi ste uradili aktivnost izraženu infinitivom.

• I stopped to eat lunch. (prestao sam sa onim što sam do tada radio jer sam želeo da ručam).
• She was shopping and she stopped to get a cup of coffee. (prestala je sa kupovinom jer je želela da popije kafu).

Uočite razliku:

• I stopped smoking. (ostavio sam pušenje ILI sam u tom trenutku ugasio cigaretu).
• I stopped to smoke. (prestao sam sa onim što sam radilo/zaustavio sam se u hodu jer sam želeo da zapalim cigaretu).

Regret + gerund
- upotrebljavate kada žalite zbog nečega što ste uradili u prošlosti i želeli biste da niste tako postupili / uradili.

• I regret going to bed so late. I'm really tired today.
• She regrets leaving school when she was sixteen. She wishes that she had studied more and then gone to university.

Regret + to + infinitive
- upotrebljavate kada na formalan način nekom saopštavate loše vesti, najčešće uz 'say' ili 'tell' or 'inform'. Slično frazi "sa žaljenjem vas obaveštavamo da..."

• I regret to tell you that the train has been delayed.
• The company regrets to inform employees that the London office will close next year.
  
  VEŽBANJA
  
  jedan klik, padajući meni, izbor
  
  http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-gerund-infinitive.php#.UwiNcitDsVk 
  
  http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/gerund_infinitive.htm
  
  http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/gerund_infinitive2.htm
  
  http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/gerund_infinitive_verbs.htm
  
  

MAKE OR DO?

Kako da odlučite koji glagol treba da upotrebite?

1: 'make' kada nešto konstruišemo ilii stvaramo. Na primer:

• She made a cake.
• I've made us some coffee.
• Did you really make those trousers?

2: Koristimo 'do' za aktivnosti u opštem smislu, često uz 'something', 'nothing', 'anything' ili 'everything':

• What did you do at the weekend?
• I didn't do anything yesterday.
• She's fed up with doing everything herself. She needs some help.
• Are you doing anything interesting during the holidays?

ZAPAMTITE: 'What do you do?'znači 'what's your job?' 
og glagola ne postoje,
3: Ima mnogo izraza sa 'make' i 'do'. Pravila za upotrebu jednog ili drugog glagola ne postoje, izrazi se uče.

DO:

30 mph (miles per hour)	Many people do more than 30 mph through this town. It's very dangerous.
badly	She did very badly on the exam, so she'll have to retake it.
your best	Don't worry about getting everything correct. Just do your best.
business	It's been a pleasure doing business with you.
chores	I have to go home and do some chores this afternoon.
a course	John has decided to do a course in computing this autumn.
a crossword	She sat on the sofa, doing a crossword and drinking tea.
damage	The storm has done a lot of damage to the house.
the dishes / the washing up	I really hate doing the dishes. I'm hoping to buy a dishwasher this year.
a drawing	The little boy spent hours doing a drawing.
your duty	He has to do his duty and look after his elderly parents.
an exam	I have to do three exams and write a huge essay this term.
exercise	Julie likes doing exercise, especially running.
an exercise	The teacher asked us to do a lot of grammar exercises over the holidays
someone a favour	My friend did me a huge favour and lent me some money.
the gardening	David often spends Sunday afternoons doing gardening.
good	She helps homeless people and tries to do good.
you good	You should eat your vegetables. They'll do you good!
your hair	Allie spends ages doing her hair in the morning.
harm	I spilt coffee on my suit and tried to clean it, but I did more harm than good. It looks even worse now!
homework	Have you finished doing your homework?
housework	Let's do the housework quickly this morning, then we can go out for lunch.
the ironing	My mother listens to the radio while she does the ironing.
a job	I think the students did a great job with this essay. It's excellent.
the laundry / the washing	He did the laundry, cleaned the house, and made dinner.
your nails	Jenny likes to do her nails each week.
a painting	There was an old man sitting on the bank of the river, doing a painting.
paperwork	Does everybody hate doing paperwork?
research	I'm doing some research for my thesis at the moment.
the shopping	I'll do the shopping tomorrow morning. We need milk, bread, pasta and bananas.
time (= be in prison)	He broke into a bank, was caught by the police, and now he's doing time.
well	My sister is doing well in her new job.
work	Unfortunately, Lucy does a lot of work at the weekends.
your worst	I've bought all new winter clothes:– boots, a coat and a very warm hat. Weather, do your worst!

MAKE:

amends	I'm so sorry that I upset you. How can I make amends?
an appointment	She had toothache, so she made an appointment with the dentist for the following day.
arrangements	Okay, so we're going to go on holiday in September. Let's make some arrangements. I'll find a hotel, and you can look at flights.
an attempt	I know we might not catch the plane, but let's at least make an attempt to be on time.
believe	The children's favourite game is to make believe that they are kings and queens from long ago.
certain	I think the café opens at six, but let's make certain. I don't want to be standing in the street waiting!
a change	I've made some changes to the document.
a choice	Which job are you going to take? You need to make a choice.
a comment	My mother made a comment about my shoes.
a complaint	The food took so long to arrive that Julie made a complaint to the manager.
a confession	I'd like to make a confession. I was the one who ate the last of the chocolate.
a date	I'd love to see you soon. How about if we make a date for next week?
a decision	I've made my decision. I'm going to go back to university.
a difference	Going to the gym has really made a difference to how I feel.
a discovery	When John was last in London he made a discovery - a beautiful little café in a quiet street.
an effort	You're not trying hard enough! Make an effort!
an error	He made several errors on the report, and the boss told him to rewrite it.
your escape	The bank robbers took £10,000 from the safe and then made their escape.
an exception	Usually the children aren't allowed to watch TV but I made an exception today since the weather was so horrible.
an excuse	Why was Lisa late? Did she make an excuse?
a face	The child took a bite of the broccoli and made a face.
a fire	We put up our tent, made a fire, and had a hot drink.
a fool of yourself	You shouldn't sing in front of everyone! You'll make a fool of yourself.
a fortune	Lucy made a fortune when she sold her company. Now she doesn't have to work.
friends	She loved university and made lots of friends.
fun of	The children love to make fun of the teacher,– but only when she's not looking.
a fuss	It's okay! I'm fine, it's just a cough. Don't make a fuss!
an impression	Jenny certainly made an impression last night! All my friends are asking about her.
a joke	The interview was very tense at the beginning, but then John made a joke, and after that it was much more relaxed.
a journey	Because of the snow, try not to make any journeys which are not absolutely essential.
a list	First, I must make a list of all the things I need to do.
a loss	Their business made a loss the first year, but did much better after that.
love	The hero and the heroine made love in the film.
a mess	What a mess you've made! Can't you tidy up a bit?
a mistake	She made so many mistakes in her essay that the teacher couldn't understand it.
money	John made a lot of money in his twenties and was able to retire at the age of 35.
a move	Look how late it is! Let's make a move.
a noise	Please try not to make a noise when you come home, because I'll be asleep.
an observation	Could I make an observation? I don't think some of our customers like the new adverts.
an offer	She made an offer on a house. She's nervous because she'll find out today if it has been accepted, and she really wants to buy that house.
a payment	Hello? I'd like to make a credit card payment, please.
a phone call	I'm going to go outside and make a phone call. It's too noisy in here.
plans	David is making plans to move to Paris.
a point	The professor used lots of examples to make his point.
a prediction	The journalist made a prediction about the economy, but in the end it wasn't correct.
a profit	His business made a profit from the beginning.
progress	Finally, after being stuck in a traffic jam for an hour, we're making some progress! We'll arrive by 8pm.
a promise	I must study hard today. I made a promise to my mum that I wouldn't fail any more exams.
a remark	John was upset because the boss made a negative remark about his work.
a reservation	Could you call the restaurant and make a reservation for tonight?
a scene	Susie made a scene in the café when her order was wrong. She shouted at all the staff and demanded to speak to the manager.
a sound	Don't make a sound! We need to be completely quiet.
a speech	The bride's father often makes a speech at her wedding.
a suggestion	Could I make a suggestion? How about going out for dinner?
sure	I don't think I left the gate open, but I'm just going to go and make sure.
the bed	Could you please make the bed before you leave the house? Otherwise it looks so messy with the duvet and the pillows everywhere.
time (=find time to do something)	Everybody's busy, but you need to make time to study. Otherwise you won't be able to get a better job.
trouble	That employee is trying to make trouble. He is always telling the boss bad things about his colleagues.
a visit	I'll call you this afternoon.– I need to make a visit to my granny this morning.
your mind up	Do you want chocolate or strawberry ice cream? Make your mind up quickly!
your way	After the film, John made his way to a café, where he had two cups of coffee and some cake.

Vežbanja:

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2289

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/make-or-do-exercise-1.html

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/vocabulary-exercise-make-do.php#.UwiBXCtDsVk